Phase II Detoxification
The 'Conjugation' phase of liver detoxification where toxins are packaged with a carrier molecule so they can be safely excreted from the body.
Deep Dive
Detoxification in the liver happens in two sequential steps. Phase I (functionalisation) uses Cytochrome P450 enzymes to break down toxins, drugs, and hormones. However, this process often creates intermediate metabolites that are more reactive and more toxic than the original substance.
Phase II (conjugation) neutralises these dangerous intermediates by attaching a carrier molecule — such as glutathione, sulphate, glycine, or glucuronic acid — making them water-soluble so they can be safely excreted through urine or bile.
A common genetic issue is having a Fast Phase I but a Slow Phase II. This mismatch causes toxic intermediates to accumulate faster than they can be neutralised, leading to 'detox reactions,' chemical sensitivity, headaches, skin issues, and chronic inflammation. Genetic variants in GST, NAT2, and UGT enzyme families are the primary drivers of Phase II impairment. Understanding your genetic detox profile allows you to support the specific conjugation pathways that are underperforming.